Carga económica y social de las infecciones nosocomiales en América Latina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.9.4.2025.e1154Palabras clave:
resistencia antimicrobiana; vigilancia epidemiológica; seguridad del paciente; inequidad sanitaria; control de infecciones.Resumen
Introducción. Las infecciones nosocomiales, o infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS), constituyen una de las principales causas de morbilidad, mortalidad y carga económica en los sistemas sanitarios de América Latina. Su elevada prevalencia refleja debilidades estructurales, deficiencias en los programas de control de infecciones y un uso inadecuado de antimicrobianos, lo que incrementa los costos hospitalarios y profundiza las inequidades sociales.
Objetivo. Examinar la carga económica y social de las infecciones nosocomiales en América Latina, identificando sus principales determinantes y las implicaciones para los sistemas de salud y las políticas públicas.
Metodología. Se realizó una revisión narrativa basada en literatura científica publicada entre 2010 y 2025, consultando las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed y reportes institucionales oficiales. Se incluyeron estudios revisados por pares que abordaron la prevalencia, los costos económicos y los impactos sociales de las infecciones nosocomiales en América Latina y el Caribe. Las fuentes fueron seleccionadas según su relevancia temática, calidad metodológica y representatividad regional.
Resultados. La literatura reporta una prevalencia regional de IAAS entre 10 % y 15 %, con tasas más altas en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Las infecciones más frecuentes son la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica, las infecciones quirúrgicas, urinarias y del torrente sanguíneo. Estas condiciones prolongan la hospitalización, elevan los costos directos en un 50–75 % y generan pérdida de productividad en pacientes y cuidadores. La resistencia antimicrobiana agrava la carga clínica y económica, especialmente en entornos con recursos limitados.
Conclusión. Las infecciones nosocomiales representan un desafío multifactorial para la salud pública en América Latina. Fortalecer la infraestructura hospitalaria, la capacitación del personal, la vigilancia microbiológica y los programas de prevención son estrategias costo-efectivas para reducir la morbilidad y promover la equidad en los sistemas de salud.
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